{"id":68094,"date":"2022-02-21T10:35:53","date_gmt":"2022-02-21T02:35:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/spektrofotometria\/"},"modified":"2022-02-21T10:38:25","modified_gmt":"2022-02-21T02:38:25","slug":"spektrofotometria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/spektrofotometria\/","title":{"rendered":"Spektrofotometria"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A spektrofotometria egy m\u00f3dszer annak m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re, hogy egy k\u00e9miai anyag mennyire nyeli el a f\u00e9nyt a f\u00e9ny intenzit\u00e1s\u00e1nak m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9vel, amikor a f\u00e9nysug\u00e1r \u00e1thalad a mintaoldaton. Az alapelv az, hogy minden vegy\u00fclet egy bizonyos hull\u00e1mhossz-tartom\u00e1nyban nyeli el vagy engedi \u00e1t a f\u00e9nyt. Ez a m\u00e9r\u00e9s egy ismert k\u00e9miai anyag mennyis\u00e9g\u00e9nek m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re is haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3. A spektrofotometria az egyik leghasznosabb kvantitat\u00edv elemz\u00e9si m\u00f3dszer k\u00fcl\u00f6nf\u00e9le ter\u00fcleteken, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a k\u00e9mia, fizika, biok\u00e9mia, anyag- \u00e9s vegy\u00e9szm\u00e9rn\u00f6ki \u00e9s klinikai alkalmaz\u00e1sokban.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bevezet\u00e9s<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Minden k\u00e9miai vegy\u00fclet elnyeli, tov\u00e1bb\u00edtja vagy visszaveri a f\u00e9nyt (elektrom\u00e1gneses sug\u00e1rz\u00e1st) egy bizonyos hull\u00e1mhossz-tartom\u00e1nyban. A spektrofotometria annak m\u00e9r\u00e9se, hogy egy k\u00e9miai anyag mennyit abszorbe\u00e1l vagy enged \u00e1t. A spektrofotometri\u00e1t sz\u00e9les k\u00f6rben haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k kvantitat\u00edv elemz\u00e9sre k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 ter\u00fcleteken (pl. k\u00e9mia, fizika, biol\u00f3gia, biok\u00e9mia, anyag- \u00e9s vegy\u00e9szm\u00e9rn\u00f6ki, klinikai alkalmaz\u00e1sok, ipari alkalmaz\u00e1sok stb.). B\u00e1rmely alkalmaz\u00e1s, amely vegyi anyagokkal vagy anyagokkal foglalkozik, haszn\u00e1lhatja ezt a technik\u00e1t. A biok\u00e9mi\u00e1ban p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul enzimkataliz\u00e1lt reakci\u00f3k meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ra haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k. Klinikai alkalmaz\u00e1sokban v\u00e9r vagy sz\u00f6vetek vizsg\u00e1lat\u00e1ra haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k klinikai diagn\u00f3zis c\u00e9lj\u00e1b\u00f3l. A spektrofotometri\u00e1nak sz\u00e1mos v\u00e1ltozata is l\u00e9tezik, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul az atomabszorpci\u00f3s spektrofotometria \u00e9s az atomemisszi\u00f3s spektrofotometria.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A spektrofotom\u00e9ter egy olyan m\u0171szer, amely m\u00e9ri az elnyelt fotonok mennyis\u00e9g\u00e9t (a f\u00e9ny intenzit\u00e1s\u00e1t), miut\u00e1n \u00e1thaladt a mintaoldaton. A spektrofotom\u00e9terrel egy ismert k\u00e9miai anyag mennyis\u00e9ge (koncentr\u00e1ci\u00f3i) is meghat\u00e1rozhat\u00f3 a detekt\u00e1lt f\u00e9ny intenzit\u00e1s\u00e1nak m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9vel. A f\u00e9nyforr\u00e1s hull\u00e1mhossz-tartom\u00e1ny\u00e1t\u00f3l f\u00fcgg\u0151en k\u00e9t k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 t\u00edpusra oszthat\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>UV-l\u00e1that\u00f3 spektrofotom\u00e9ter<\/strong> : az elektrom\u00e1gneses sug\u00e1rz\u00e1si spektrum ultraibolya tartom\u00e1ny\u00e1ban (185-400 nm) \u00e9s l\u00e1that\u00f3 tartom\u00e1ny\u00e1ban (400-700 nm) f\u00e9nyt haszn\u00e1l.<\/li><li><strong>IR spektrofotom\u00e9ter<\/strong> : az elektrom\u00e1gneses sug\u00e1rz\u00e1si spektrum infrav\u00f6r\u00f6s tartom\u00e1ny\u00e1ban (700-15000 nm) f\u00e9nyt haszn\u00e1l.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A l\u00e1that\u00f3 spektrofotometri\u00e1ban egy bizonyos anyag abszorpci\u00f3ja vagy \u00e1tereszt\u00e9se a megfigyelt sz\u00edn alapj\u00e1n hat\u00e1rozhat\u00f3 meg. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul egy oldatminta, amely minden l\u00e1that\u00f3 tartom\u00e1nyban elnyeli a f\u00e9nyt (azaz egyik l\u00e1that\u00f3 hull\u00e1mhosszon sem ereszt \u00e1t), elm\u00e9letileg feket\u00e9nek t\u0171nik. M\u00e1sr\u00e9szt, ha az \u00f6sszes l\u00e1that\u00f3 hull\u00e1mhossz \u00e1tker\u00fcl (azaz semmit sem nyel el), az oldatminta feh\u00e9rnek t\u0171nik. Ha egy oldatminta elnyeli a v\u00f6r\u00f6s f\u00e9nyt (~700 nm), akkor z\u00f6ldnek t\u0171nik, mert a z\u00f6ld a v\u00f6r\u00f6s kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u0151 sz\u00edne. A l\u00e1that\u00f3 spektrofotom\u00e9terek a gyakorlatban egy prizm\u00e1t haszn\u00e1lnak a hull\u00e1mhossz egy bizonyos tartom\u00e1ny\u00e1nak lesz\u0171k\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re (m\u00e1s hull\u00e1mhosszok kisz\u0171r\u00e9s\u00e9re), \u00edgy az adott f\u00e9nysug\u00e1r \u00e1thalad egy oldatmint\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k \u00e9s mechanizmusok<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Az 1. \u00e1bra szeml\u00e9lteti a spektrofotom\u00e9terek alapvet\u0151 fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t. F\u00e9nyforr\u00e1sb\u00f3l, kollim\u00e1torb\u00f3l, monokrom\u00e1torb\u00f3l, hull\u00e1mhossz-v\u00e1laszt\u00f3b\u00f3l, mintaoldat-k\u00fcvett\u00e1b\u00f3l, fotoelektromos detektorb\u00f3l \u00e9s digit\u00e1lis kijelz\u0151b\u0151l vagy m\u00e9r\u0151b\u0151l \u00e1ll. A r\u00e9szletes mechanizmus le\u00edr\u00e1sa al\u00e1bb tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3. A 2. \u00e1bra egy minta spektrofotom\u00e9tert mutat (Model: Spectronic 20D).<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"\/\/i0.wp.com\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometria-1.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"939\" height=\"316\" src=\"\/\/i0.wp.com\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-67992\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-1.png 939w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-1-90x30.png 90w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-1-600x202.png 600w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-1-64x22.png 64w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-1-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-1-768x258.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 939px) 100vw, 939px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>1. \u00e1bra: A spektrofotom\u00e9terek alapvet\u0151 szerkezete (CC BY-4.0; Heesung Shim via LibreTexts)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A spektrofotom\u00e9ter \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban k\u00e9t eszk\u00f6zb\u0151l \u00e1ll; egy spektrom\u00e9ter \u00e9s egy fotom\u00e9ter. A spektrom\u00e9ter olyan eszk\u00f6z, amely f\u00e9nyt \u00e1ll\u00edt el\u0151, jellemz\u0151en sz\u00e9toszlat \u00e9s m\u00e9r. A fotom\u00e9ter jelzi a fotoelektromos detektort, amely a f\u00e9ny intenzit\u00e1s\u00e1t m\u00e9ri.<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Spektrom\u00e9ter<\/strong> : A f\u00e9ny k\u00edv\u00e1nt hull\u00e1mhossz-tartom\u00e1ny\u00e1t \u00e1ll\u00edtja el\u0151. El\u0151sz\u00f6r egy kollim\u00e1tor (lencse) egy egyenes f\u00e9nysugarat (fotonokat) bocs\u00e1t \u00e1t, amely egy monokrom\u00e1toron (prizm\u00e1n) halad \u00e1t, \u00e9s azt t\u00f6bb hull\u00e1mhosszra (spektrumra) osztja fel. Ezut\u00e1n egy hull\u00e1mhossz-v\u00e1laszt\u00f3 (r\u00e9s) csak a k\u00edv\u00e1nt hull\u00e1mhosszokat tov\u00e1bb\u00edtja, amint az 1. \u00e1br\u00e1n l\u00e1that\u00f3.<\/li><li><strong>Fotom\u00e9ter<\/strong> : Miut\u00e1n a f\u00e9ny k\u00edv\u00e1nt hull\u00e1mhossz-tartom\u00e1nya \u00e1thalad a minta k\u00fcvett\u00e1ban l\u00e9v\u0151 oldat\u00e1n, a fotom\u00e9ter \u00e9rz\u00e9keli az elnyelt fotonok mennyis\u00e9g\u00e9t, majd jelet k\u00fcld egy galvanom\u00e9terre vagy egy digit\u00e1lis kijelz\u0151re, amint az 1. \u00e1br\u00e1n l\u00e1that\u00f3.<\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"\/\/i0.wp.com\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometria-2.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"349\" height=\"261\" src=\"\/\/i0.wp.com\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-68006\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-2.png 349w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-2-72x54.png 72w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-2-64x48.png 64w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-2-300x224.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>2. \u00e1bra: Egy hull\u00e1mhossz\u00fa spektrofotom\u00e9ter<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u00fcl\u00f6nf\u00e9le hull\u00e1mhosszok el\u0151\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz spektrom\u00e9terre van sz\u00fcks\u00e9g, mert a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 vegy\u00fcletek k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 hull\u00e1mhosszokon abszorbe\u00e1lnak a legjobban. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a p-nitro-fenol (savas forma) maxim\u00e1lis abszorbanci\u00e1ja k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl 320 nm-en, a p-nitro-fenol\u00e1t (b\u00e1zisforma) pedig 400 nm-en abszorbe\u00e1l legjobban, amint az a 3. \u00e1br\u00e1n l\u00e1that\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"\/\/i0.wp.com\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometria-3.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"775\" height=\"339\" src=\"\/\/i0.wp.com\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-68020\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-3.png 775w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-3-90x39.png 90w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-3-600x262.png 600w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-3-64x28.png 64w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-3-300x131.png 300w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-3-768x336.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 775px) 100vw, 775px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>3. \u00e1bra: K\u00e9t k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 vegy\u00fclet abszorbanci\u00e1ja<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Az abszorbanci\u00e1t \u00e9s a hull\u00e1mhosszt m\u00e9r\u0151 grafikont n\u00e9zve egy izobesztikus pont is megfigyelhet\u0151. Az <strong>izobeszt pont<\/strong> az a hull\u00e1mhossz, amelyen k\u00e9t vagy t\u00f6bb faj abszorbanci\u00e1ja azonos. Az izobeszt pont megjelen\u00e9se a reakci\u00f3ban azt mutatja, hogy a reagensb\u0151l term\u00e9k el\u0151\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz NEM sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges intermedier. A 4. \u00e1bra izobesztikus pontra mutat p\u00e9ld\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"\/\/i0.wp.com\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometria-4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"811\" height=\"361\" src=\"\/\/i0.wp.com\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-68034\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-4.png 811w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-4-90x40.png 90w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-4-600x267.png 600w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-4-64x28.png 64w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-4-300x134.png 300w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-4-768x342.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 811px) 100vw, 811px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>4. \u00e1bra: P\u00e9lda izobesztikus pontra (CC BY-4.0; Heesung Shim via LibreTexts)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Visszat\u00e9rve az 1. \u00e1br\u00e1ra (\u00e9s az 5. \u00e1br\u00e1ra), a k\u00fcvett\u00e1n \u00e1tmen\u0151 fotonok mennyis\u00e9ge a detektorba a k\u00fcvetta hossz\u00e1t\u00f3l \u00e9s a minta koncentr\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t\u00f3l f\u00fcgg. Ha ismeri a f\u00e9ny intenzit\u00e1s\u00e1t, miut\u00e1n \u00e1thaladt a k\u00fcvett\u00e1n, \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sbe hozhatja az \u00e1tereszt\u0151k\u00e9pess\u00e9ggel (T). Az \u00e1tereszt\u0151k\u00e9pess\u00e9g a f\u00e9ny azon r\u00e9sze, amely \u00e1thalad a mint\u00e1n. Ezt a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 egyenlettel lehet kisz\u00e1m\u00edtani:<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\\(Transzmittancia (T) = \\dfrac{I_t}{I_o} \\)<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ahol I <sub>t<\/sub> a f\u00e9ny intenzit\u00e1sa, miut\u00e1n a f\u00e9nysug\u00e1r \u00e1thalad a k\u00fcvett\u00e1n, \u00e9s I <sub>o<\/sub> a f\u00e9ny intenzit\u00e1sa, miel\u0151tt a f\u00e9nysug\u00e1r \u00e1thaladna a k\u00fcvett\u00e1n. Az \u00e1tereszt\u0151k\u00e9pess\u00e9g az abszorpci\u00f3hoz kapcsol\u00f3dik a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 kifejez\u00e9ssel:<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\\(Abszorbancia (A) = &#8211; log(T) = &#8211; log(\\dfrac{I_t}{I_o} )\\)<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ahol az abszorbancia az elnyelt fotonok mennyis\u00e9g\u00e9t jelenti. A fenti egyenletb\u0151l ismert abszorbancia m\u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00e9vel meghat\u00e1rozhatja a minta ismeretlen koncentr\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t a Beer-Lambert t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel. Az 5. \u00e1bra a f\u00e9ny \u00e1tereszt\u0151k\u00e9pess\u00e9g\u00e9t szeml\u00e9lteti egy mint\u00e1n. A \\(l\\) hossz\u00fas\u00e1got az al\u00e1bbiakban ismertetett Beer-Lambert t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyhez haszn\u00e1ljuk.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"\/\/i0.wp.com\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometria-5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"487\" height=\"255\" src=\"\/\/i0.wp.com\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-68048\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-5.png 487w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-5-90x47.png 90w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-5-64x34.png 64w, https:\/\/qvarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/spectrometry-5-300x157.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>5. \u00e1bra: \u00c1tbocs\u00e1t\u00e1s (CC BY-4.0; Heesung Shim LibreTexts-en kereszt\u00fcl)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Beer-Lambert t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps\/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)\/Spectroscopy\/Electronic_Spectroscopy\/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics\/The_Beer-Lambert_Law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Beer-Lambert t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny<\/a> (m\u00e1s n\u00e9ven Beer t\u00f6rv\u00e9nye) kimondja, hogy line\u00e1ris kapcsolat van a minta abszorbanci\u00e1ja \u00e9s koncentr\u00e1ci\u00f3ja k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Emiatt a Beer-t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny <em>csak<\/em> line\u00e1ris kapcsolat eset\u00e9n alkalmazhat\u00f3. A s\u00f6rt\u00f6rv\u00e9ny \u00edgy \u00edr\u00f3dott:<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\\(A = \\epszilon{lc} \\)<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ahol<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\\(A\\) az abszorbancia m\u00e9rt\u00e9ke (nincs m\u00e9rt\u00e9kegys\u00e9g),<\/li><li>\\(\\epsilon\\) a mol\u00e1ris extinkci\u00f3s egy\u00fctthat\u00f3 vagy mol\u00e1ris abszorpci\u00f3 (vagy abszorpci\u00f3s egy\u00fctthat\u00f3),<\/li><li>\\(l\\) az \u00fatvonal hossza, \u00e9s<\/li><li>\\(c\\) a koncentr\u00e1ci\u00f3.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A mol\u00e1ris extinkci\u00f3s egy\u00fctthat\u00f3 konstansk\u00e9nt van megadva, \u00e9s molekul\u00e1nk\u00e9nt v\u00e1ltozik. Mivel az abszorbancia nem hordoz egys\u00e9geket, az \\(\\epsilon\\) egys\u00e9geinek ki kell z\u00e1rniuk a hossz \u00e9s a koncentr\u00e1ci\u00f3 m\u00e9rt\u00e9kegys\u00e9geit. Ennek eredm\u00e9nyek\u00e9nt \\(\\epsilon\\) egys\u00e9gei: L\u00b7mol <sup>-1<\/sup> \u00b7cm <sup>-1<\/sup> . Az \u00fat hossz\u00e1t centim\u00e9terben m\u00e9rik. Mivel a szabv\u00e1nyos spektrom\u00e9ter 1 cm sz\u00e9les k\u00fcvett\u00e1t haszn\u00e1l, \\(l\\) mindig 1 cm-nek felel meg. Mivel az abszorpci\u00f3, \\(\\epsilon\\) \u00e9s \u00fathossz ismert, ki tudjuk sz\u00e1m\u00edtani a minta \\(c\\) koncentr\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. p\u00e9lda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Biological_Chemistry\/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)\/Nucleic_Acids\/Nucleic_Acids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guanozin<\/a> maxim\u00e1lis abszorbanci\u00e1ja 275 nm. \\(\\epsilon_{275} = 8400 M^{-1} cm^{-1} \\) \u00e9s az \u00fat hossza 1 cm. Egy spektrofotom\u00e9ter seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel azt tal\u00e1lja, hogy \\(A_{275} = 0,70\\). Mi a guanozin koncentr\u00e1ci\u00f3ja?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Megold\u00e1s<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A probl\u00e9ma megold\u00e1s\u00e1hoz a Beer-t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyt kell haszn\u00e1lni.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\\[A lc     \/&gt;<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">0,70 = (8400 M <sup>-1<\/sup> cm <sup>-1<\/sup> ) (1 cm) (\\(c\\))<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ezut\u00e1n ossza el mindk\u00e9t oldalt [(8400 M <sup>-1<\/sup> cm <sup>-1<\/sup> )(1 cm)]<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\\(c\\) = <sup>8,33&#215;10-5<\/sup> mol\/L<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. p\u00e9lda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Az oldatban anyag van (4 g\/liter). A k\u00fcvetta hossza 2 cm, \u00e9s az adott f\u00e9nysug\u00e1rnak csak az 50%-a jut \u00e1t. Mi az abszorpci\u00f3s egy\u00fctthat\u00f3?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Megold\u00e1s<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Beer-Lambert t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel kisz\u00e1m\u00edthatjuk az abszorpci\u00f3s egy\u00fctthat\u00f3t. \u00cdgy,<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\\(- \\log \\left(\\dfrac{I_t}{I_o} \\right) = &#8211; \\log(\\dfrac{0.5}{1.0}) = A ={8} \\epszilon\\)<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Akkor ezt megkapjuk<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\\(\\epszilon\\) = 0,0376<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. p\u00e9lda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fenti 2. p\u00e9ld\u00e1ban mekkora a f\u00e9nysug\u00e1r, ha 8 g\/liter?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Megold\u00e1s<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mivel ismerj\u00fck a \\(\\epsilon\\), az \u00e1tvitelt a Beer-Lambert t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel tudjuk kisz\u00e1m\u00edtani. \u00cdgy,<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\\(\\log(1) &#8211; \\log(I_t) = 0 &#8211; \\log(I_t)\\) = 0,0376 x 8 x 2 = 0,6016<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\\(\\log(I_t)\\) = -0,6016<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ez\u00e9rt \\(I_t\\) = 0,2503 = 25%<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. p\u00e9lda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fenti 2. p\u00e9ld\u00e1ban mekkora a mol\u00e1ris abszorpci\u00f3s egy\u00fctthat\u00f3, ha a molekulat\u00f6meg 100?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Megold\u00e1s<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Egyszer\u0171en megkaphat\u00f3, ha az abszorpci\u00f3s egy\u00fctthat\u00f3t megszorozzuk a molekulat\u00f6meggel. \u00cdgy,<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\\(\\epsilon\\) = 0,0376 x 100 = 3,76 L\u00b7mol <sup>&#8211;<\/sup><sup>1<\/sup> \u00b7 cm <sup>&#8211;<\/sup><sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. p\u00e9lda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A glikog\u00e9n-j\u00f3d komplex abszorpci\u00f3s egy\u00fctthat\u00f3ja 0,20 450 nm-es f\u00e9nyn\u00e9l. Mekkora a koncentr\u00e1ci\u00f3, ha egy 2 cm-es k\u00fcvett\u00e1ban 40%-os az \u00e1tereszt\u0151k\u00e9pess\u00e9g?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Megold\u00e1s<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beer-Lambert t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel is megoldhat\u00f3. Ez\u00e9rt,<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\\[- \\log(I_t) = &#8211; \\log(0.4) = 0.20 \\times c \\times 2\\]<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ekkor \\(c\\) = 0,9948<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hivatkoz\u00e1sok<\/h2>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Atkins, Peter \u00e9s Julio de Paula. Fizikai k\u00e9mia az \u00e9lettudom\u00e1nyok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.<\/li><li>Chang, Raymond. Fizikai k\u00e9mia a biotudom\u00e1nyok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. USA: University Science Books, 2005.<\/li><li>Gore, Michael. Spektrofotometria \u00e9s spektrofluorimetria. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.<\/li><li>Price, Nicholas \u00e9s Dwek, Raymond \u00e9s Wormald, Mark. A fizikai k\u00e9mia alapelvei \u00e9s probl\u00e9m\u00e1i biok\u00e9mikusok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. RG Ratcliffe. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.<\/li><li>Irwin H. Segel, Biochemical Calculations (How to Solve Mathematical Problems in General Biochemistry), 2. kiad\u00e1s, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1975<\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nist.gov\/pml\/div685\/grp03\/spectrophotometry.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www.nist.gov\/pml\/div685\/grp03\/spectrophotometry.cfm<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">K\u00f6zrem\u0171k\u00f6d\u0151k \u00e9s forr\u00e1smegjel\u00f6l\u00e9sek<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Kevin Vo (UCD)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/@go\/page\/1431\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forr\u00e1s<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A spektrofotometria egy m\u00f3dszer annak m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re, hogy egy k\u00e9miai anyag mennyire nyeli el a f\u00e9nyt a f\u00e9ny intenzit\u00e1s\u00e1nak m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9vel, amikor a f\u00e9nysug\u00e1r \u00e1thalad a mintaoldaton. Az alapelv az, hogy minden vegy\u00fclet egy bizonyos hull\u00e1mhossz-tartom\u00e1nyban nyeli el vagy engedi \u00e1t a f\u00e9nyt. Ez a m\u00e9r\u00e9s egy ismert k\u00e9miai anyag mennyis\u00e9g\u00e9nek m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re is haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3. A spektrofotometria az<\/p>\n<div class=\"klb-readmore entry-button\"><a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/spektrofotometria\/\">Read More<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","ub_ctt_via":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[813,832],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-68094","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-minden-bejegyzes","category-spektrofotometria-hu"],"featured_image_src":null,"author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/author\/admin\/"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"bacola-woo-product":false,"woocommerce_thumbnail":false,"woocommerce_single":false,"woocommerce_gallery_thumbnail":false,"variation_swatches_image_size":false,"variation_swatches_tooltip_size":false,"dgwt-wcas-product-suggestion":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/author\/admin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"A spektrofotometria egy m\u00f3dszer annak m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re, hogy egy k\u00e9miai anyag mennyire nyeli el a f\u00e9nyt a f\u00e9ny intenzit\u00e1s\u00e1nak m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9vel, amikor a f\u00e9nysug\u00e1r \u00e1thalad a mintaoldaton. Az alapelv az, hogy minden vegy\u00fclet egy bizonyos hull\u00e1mhossz-tartom\u00e1nyban nyeli el vagy engedi \u00e1t a f\u00e9nyt. Ez a m\u00e9r\u00e9s egy ismert k\u00e9miai anyag mennyis\u00e9g\u00e9nek m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re is haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3. A spektrofotometria azRead&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68094","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=68094"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68094\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":68123,"href":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68094\/revisions\/68123"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=68094"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=68094"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qvarz.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=68094"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}